@article {dieter_early_2003,
	title = {Early development of metanephridia in the caudal budding zone of a clitellate annelid, Dero digitata {(Naidida):} an electron-microscopical study},
	journal = {Acta Zoologica},
	volume = {84},
	number = {2},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {87{\textendash}97},
	abstract = {Bunke, D. 2003. Early development of metanephridia in the caudal budding zone of a clitellate annelid, Dero digitata {(Naidida):} an electron-microscopical study. 2014 Acta Zoologica {(Stockholm)} 84: 87201397 Ultrastructural analysis has revealed that metanephridia in Dero digitata arise from three nephroblast cells in the frontal epithelium of a septum suggesting its mesodermal origin. Each cell has a fixed developmental destination, one nephroblast cell produces the entire canal part and two cells give rise to the nephrostome. The nephroblast cell nearest to the body wall enlarges and proliferates a first set of canal cells, then one of the two proximally adjacent nephroblast cells differentiates into the envelope of the nephrostome generating the marginal cilia of the opening (mantle cell) and the second one transforms into the anteriormost cell of the funnel, producing a flame of cilia that beats into the canal lumen (flame cell). Thereafter, new canal cells appear, mainly by mitosis of the first cell, enlarging the body of the nephridium whose further differentiation was not analysed. Comparison with other clitellate species suggests a mantle cell (or some marginal cells) and a flame cell (or a central cell) to be special characters of the metanephridium in the stem species of the Clitellata and that, compared to many polychaete species, its early development assumes a special course by a precocious determination and arrangement of nephroblast cells, which, in both groups, probably originate from an identical mesodermal stem cell. Results further indicate that the nonclitellate Aeolosomatidae, by virtue of corresponding nephrostomata, are possibly closer related to the Clitellata.},
	keywords = {Clitellata, Dero, Development, metanephridia, nephrostome, Phylogeny},
	issn = {1463-6395},
	url = {internal-pdf://Bunke 2003 - nephridia development in Dero FZ-1956129795/Bunke 2003 - nephridia development in Dero FZ.pdf},
	author = {B. Dieter}
}
@article {bunke_ultrastructure_2000,
	title = {Ultrastructure of the preseptal part of metanephridia in Nais variabilis and Dero digitata {(Annelida,} Clitellata)},
	journal = {Zoomorphology},
	volume = {120},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {39{\textendash}46},
	issn = {{0720-213X}},
	doi = {10.1007/s004350000023},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/content/2wj90w38e3t6hf5d/},
	author = {D. Bunke}
}
@article {drewes_helical_1993,
	title = {Helical Swimming in a Freshwater Oligochaete},
	journal = {The Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {185},
	number = {1},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {1{\textendash}9},
	author = {C. D. Drewes and C. R. Fourtner}
}
@article {drewes_reorganization_1991,
	title = {Reorganization of escape reflexes during asexual fission in an aquatic oligochaete, {{\textless}I{\textgreater}Dero} {digitata{\textless}/I{\textgreater}}},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Zoology},
	volume = {260},
	number = {2},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {170{\textendash}180},
	abstract = {Asexual reproduction in the aquatic oligochaete Dero digitata involves 1) formation of a mid-body fission zone and transverse fission plane separating the worm into anterior and posterior zooids; 2) development of four new head segments in the posterior zooid, just behind the fission plane; and 3) development of new tail segments in the anterior zooid, just anterior to the fission plane. Electrophysiological recordings from normal (i.e., non-fissioning) and prefission worms indicate similar proportioning of giant nerve fiber sensory fields; the medial {(MGF)} and lateral {(LGF)} giant fiber fields encompass the anterior-most 30\% and posterior-most 70\%, respectively, of the worm{\textquoteright}s length. Throughout prefission stages both {MGF} and {LGF} spikes were reliably through-conducted, though at reduced velocity, across the fission zone. This agrees with anatomical results showing continuity and reduced diameter of {MGF} and {LGF} in the fission zone. Within seconds after fissioning, sensory fields in the rostral segments of posterior zooids (= 18\% of zooid length) switch from {LGF} to {MGF} sensitivity. Further changes in giant fiber sensory fields and conduction velocities in the posterior zooid, during the next 7 days, lead to a functional organization of escape reflex pathways comparable to that in normal worms. Our results suggest that an escape reflex switching mechanism, along with strong modulatory influences, ensures appropriate and adaptively significant escape reflex functioning in posterior zooids both before and after fissioning.},
	doi = {10.1002/jez.1402600206},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402600206},
	author = {Charles D. Drewes and Charles R. Fourtner}
}
@article {srkk_occurrence_1987,
	title = {The occurrence of oligochaetes in lake chains receiving pulp mill waste and their relation to eutrophication on the trophic scale},
	journal = {Hydrobiologia},
	volume = {155},
	number = {1},
	year = {1987},
	pages = {259{\textendash}266},
	issn = {0018-8158},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00025658},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/content/q3786n6000w67532/},
	author = {Jukka S�rkk�}
}
@article {smith_ecology_1986,
	title = {Ecology of Naididae {(Oligochaeta)} from an alkaline bog stream: life history patterns and community structure},
	journal = {Hydrobiologia},
	volume = {133},
	number = {1},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {79{\textendash}90},
	abstract = {Abstract Population and community dynamics of naidid oligochaetes were studied from June {1982{\textendash}December} 1983 in a sluggish, alkaline bog stream situated within Cedarburg Bog, Ozaukee County, Wisconsin, {USA.} Temporal differences in periods of peak abundance were observed for five species studied in detail: Chaetogaster diaphanus {(mid-August} and September), Chaetogaster diastrophus {(mid-May),} Dero digitata {(mid-September),} Dero nivea {(mid-October),} and Pristina leidyi {(mid-October).} Several correlations of abiotic and biotic parameters to density and percentage of naidids reproducing asexually were calculated. Mean doubling times (days) for field populations were 12.1, 22.7, 62.4, 19.6, 27.7 for C. diaphanus, C. diastrophus, D. digitata, D. nivea, and P. leidyi, respectively. Asexual reproduction by paratomy was the principal method of population increase. Sexual specimens were observed for Stylaria lacustris during June and {October{\textendash}December,} D. digitata in September, C. diastrophus and Nais simplex during October, and C. diaphanus in {October{\textendash}November.} Generally, a high proportion of the respective population was sexually mature when this type of reproduction occurred. Naididae community diversity index values using the {Shannon-Weaver} index ranged from 0.19{\textendash}3.86.},
	keywords = {Chaetogaster diaphanus, Chaetogaster diastrophus, Dero digitata, Dero nivea, Naididae, Population Dynamics, Pristina leidyi},
	url = {internal-pdf://Smith 1987 - ecology of naididae-0345075978/Smith 1987 - ecology of naididae.pdf},
	author = {Michael Smith}
}
@article {smith_feeding_1986,
	title = {Feeding habits and dietary overlap of Naididae {(Oligochaeta)} from a bog stream},
	journal = {Hydrobiologia},
	volume = {137},
	number = {3},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {193{\textendash}201},
	issn = {0018-8158},
	doi = {10.1007/BF00004233},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/content/fu42p3416k233302/},
	author = {Michael E. Smith and Jerry L. Kaster}
}
@article {smith_setal_1985,
	title = {Setal Morphology and Its Intraspecific Variation in Dero digitata and Dero nivea {(Oligochaeta:} Naididae)},
	journal = {Transactions of the American Microscopical Society},
	volume = {104},
	number = {1},
	year = {1985},
	pages = {45{\textendash}51},
	abstract = {Dero digitata and Dero nivea were observed by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy to have intermediate teeth in needle setae which gave them either a trifid or pectinate condition. There were seasonal differences in the percentages of worms having at least one intermediate-toothed needle seta for D. digitata. Overall, 48.1\% of D. digitata and 100\% of D. nivea examined had intermediate teeth. Percentage of needle setae with intermediate teeth per worm ranged from 41.3-68.4\% for D. nivea and 1.4-4.8\% for D. digitata. Plumosity on hair setae was observed for both species; projections giving the plumose appearance were up to 20 {\^A}{\textmu}m long in D. digitata and those of D. nivea were up to 10 {\^A}{\textmu}m long. Generally, there was 100\% plumosity of hair setae per worm if plumosity was present. Seasonal differences also were seen for plumosity in percentage of worms having this character. There was no correlation {(P} {\textgreater} 0.05) of seasonal differences to environmental physico-chemical parameters and no anterior to posterior trends for either setal character. The appearance of these previously undescribed setal characteristics in D. digitata and D. nivea and their intraspecific variation shed doubt on the validity of these taxonomic characters as used in the subgenus Dero.},
	url = {internal-pdf://Smith 1985 - setal morphology of Dero digitata and Dero nivea-1532555274/Smith 1985 - setal morphology of Dero digitata and Dero nivea.pdf},
	author = {Michael E. Smith}
}
@article {learner_review_1978,
	title = {A review of the biology of British Naididae {(Oligochaeta)} with emphasis on the lotic environment},
	journal = {Freshwater Biology},
	volume = {8},
	number = {4},
	year = {1978},
	pages = {357{\textendash}375},
	abstract = {Naidids live in a wide range of aquatic habitats but are particularly important numerically as part of the benthic fauna of rivers with stony substrates. In general they graze on bacteria and algae although some, particularly Chaetogaster spp., are mainly predaceous, and C. limnaei vaghini is a parasite of molluscs, chiefly Gastropoda. Food selection seems to be based largely on particle size although the food quality of the particles within the appropriate size-range influences rates of growth and reproduction. Major factors determining the distribution and abundance of naidid species are the nature of the substratum and the presence and kind of vegetation. Plants with a highly dissected form, a thick growth habit, and which permit the greatest periphyton development generally support the most abundant naidid populations. The oligochaete fauna of coarse substrates (stones and gravels) is often dominated by the Naididae but both species-richness and abundance of naidid populations are generally reduced where fine substrates (silts and muds) occur. The occurrence of worms within the substratum is also determined by its nature; naidids penetrate to depths of 20201370 cm in coarse substrates but rarely penetrate below 6 cm in mud. The principal factor limiting both depth penetration and the dominance of naidids in fine substrates is probably oxygen availability. Naidids reproduce both asexually and sexually, the former method predominating for most of the year. Asexual reproduction usually involves the budding-off of zooids but a few species fragment. Sexual reproduction is often infrequent; populations of some species produce few or no sexually mature individuals. In mature worms asexual reproduction virtually ceases. In populations that produce mature individuals there is apparently one sexual generation a year, usually occurring during the summer and autumn. Adults die soon after laying their cocoons. In general, naidids are most abundant during the summer months when rates of growth and asexual reproduction are stimulated by higher temperatures and a plentiful supply of food. A few species, however, e.g. Nais elinguis and Paranais litoralis, are more abundant in the spring. The response of naidid species to different kinds of pollution is varied but generally organic enrichment of rivers which have stony substrates results in a considerable (ten- to twenty-fold) increase in naidid abundance. Nais elinguis, N. barbata, N. communis, N. variabilis, and Chaetogaster diaphanus are often abundant in such rivers, the foremost species reaching densities of 200 000 m22122. Nais alpina, N. bretscheri, and N. pardalis appear to be relatively intolerant of organic enrichment. A substantial increase in naidid abundance is also promoted by the deposition of biologically inert particles (coal dust, china clay, sand) on the river bed. The importance of Naididae in relation to pollution surveillance of fresh waters is discussed.},
	issn = {1365-2427},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1978.tb01457.x},
	author = {M. A. Learner and G. Lochhead and B. D. Hughes}
}
@article {van_cleave_effects_1934,
	title = {The effects of X-radiation on the reconstitution of Stenostomum tenuicauda and some other worms},
	journal = {The Biological Bulletin},
	volume = {67},
	number = {2},
	year = {1934},
	pages = {304{\textendash}314},
	abstract = {1. Laboratory-grown specimens of Stenostomum tenuicauda were subjected to large dosages of unfiltered X-radiation and the effect upon their reconstitutional behavior following operation noted. For comparison, similar observations were made on Dero limosa and Pristina longiseta.2. Maximum dosages of approximately 30,000 R units, applied over an interval of nine hours, and of approximately 20,000 R units applied in 36 minutes had no apparent effect on normal reconstitution in Stenostomum. The lethality of the latter dosage was indicated by the disintegration of the completely reconstituted worms and of isolated un-operated worms four days after the irradiation.3. Anterior head regeneration in Pristina was inhibited following an apparently non-lethal dosage of 20,000 R units applied over a period of four and a half hours. Specimens of Dero were cytolyzed by the same dosage.},
	url = {internal-pdf://Van Cleave 1934 - x-ray effects on regeneration of Stenostomum, Pristina and Dero-0794155265/Van Cleave 1934 - x-ray effects on regeneration of Stenostomum, Pristina and Dero.pdf},
	author = {C. D. Van Cleave}
}
